Subjective descriptive terms such as "reasonably conformed perimeter" can serve well to train classifiers evaluating segmentations qualitatively and find features resistant (intensity-based features) or prone (morphology-based features) to imprecise cellular segmentation. Segmentation performance evaluation is still not common in cell-based high-content screening. Each of the authors of the report independently reviewed an equal fraction of the test image set, classifying into well-segmented and poorly-segmented qualitative groups using subjective criteria. In a previous report, poorly-segmented cells were identified by eye in the framework of a high-content screening imaging pipeline. However an automated imaging workflow cannot fully supplant the expertise of a trained biologist to detect and evaluate phenotypes. ![]() The use of machine segmentation (MS) in automatic image cytometry enables the measurement of cellular features in a high throughput fashion. During segmentation foreground pixels are separated from background pixels. Image segmentation is an important step in the image processing workflow that is extensively applied in fluorescence microscopy. Loss of motor neurons has been documented in the third instar larval nervous system of bchs mutants, as well as superfical observations of smaller ventral ganglion size by confocal microscopy. determined by quantitative automated multivariate analysis of wide field fluorescence images that the degenerative phenotype was accompanied by changes in the size and distribution of lysosomal compartments within neuronal termini. Generalized brain neurodegeneration has been studied in blue cheese (bchs) Drosophila mutants, where ubiquitinated protein accumulation and a failure of degradative trafficking pathways have been implicated. Neurodegeneration is another biological phenomenon of intense interest that has been subjected to extensive study in Drosophila models, but for which there are few quantitative cell biological readouts. The living Drosophila embryo provides an attractive experimental system for the study of mitosis, where nuclei can be observed in situ. Mechanisms of cell cycle regulation can be elucidated by live cell imaging and subsequent automated quantification of nuclei in intact organisms. Other, biologically important features such as shape or volume require a more precise segmentation. Some of the extracted features are less sensitive to the precision of segmentation, such as the number of objects and their location based on centroid coordinates. A vast amount of visual information is acquired in automated microscopy. Recent innovations in light sheet microscopy enabled the study of the spatiotemporal organisation of nuclei in whole zebrafish and Drosophila embryos. GFP) allow the observation of DNA distribution in living cells. Histone tagged with fluorescent protein (e.g. With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) optical sectioning of confocal microscopes and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as an expression marker, spatial distribution of cellular organelles can be studied. ![]() Quantitative features such as the number of cells or fluorescent intensity of subcellular organelles have become crucial for the elucidation of many biological and pharmaceutical hypotheses ranging from cell biology to anticancer drug development in various organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and even rodent models. The widespread use of automated florescent confocal microscopy has resulted in a significant role for image analysis in modern quantitative biology. Gebiss was developed as a cross-platform ImageJ plugin and is freely available on the web at. We demonstrate the application of Gebiss to the segmentation of nuclei in live Drosophila embryos and the quantification of neurodegeneration in Drosophila larval brains. We integrated a variety of existing plugins for threshold-based segmentation and volume visualisation. We have developed Gebiss an ImageJ plugin for the interactive segmentation, visualisation and quantification of 3D microscopic image stacks. Scenarios include the quantification of 3D images with poor signal-to-noise ratios or the generation of so-called ground truth segmentations that are used to evaluate the accuracy of automated segmentation methods. However, certain applications benefit from manual or semi-automated approaches. 3D image stacks usually require automated methods due to their large number of optical sections. Depending on the degree of user interactions, segmentation methods can be divided into manual, automated or semi-automated approaches. Image segmentation is a crucial step in quantitative microscopy that helps to define regions of tissues, cells or subcellular compartments.
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